Lesson Two:
This is a pen. Is this a pen? This isn't a pen. This is a pen for God's sake!!!

Now that we have a little bit better idea of how to pronounce some Japanese, let's jump right in and start to learn some of the grammar so that we can start to say some simple, yet very important phrases. In the real world we are always asking questions and looking for information so it might be beneficial to learn how to make a question or two as well. And where would we end up if we always said "yes" to every proposition we were offered? Perhaps the vice president's chair but more likely we would end up either in jail, some deserted back lane or heaven forbid, a cemetery. So as Nancy Reagan once said it, "Just Say No." Was that Nancy? I'm sorry but I don't recall saying that ...

As an aside, rather than have a long vocabulary list at the end of each lesson, I prefer to use the vocabulary that is in the examples. If I decide to make questions using unfamiliar words, I will put those in a table at the end. Otherwise, just consider the lesson as having the vocabulary directly in it. After all, who wants to memorize lists of words, anyway, right?

The Basic Sentence Structure: A wa B desu.

Japanese has a very straightforward sentence structure as you see above. We do not invert, rotate, or otherwise do funny things with it like we do in English (how many exceptions to the rules are there again?). The basic pattern is A wa B desu. This essentially means "A is B." The verb to be in this sentence is, as you might guess, desu. This is the polite form of the verb. There is also a "dictionary" or ordinary form as well and it is da. The wa in the sentence is a particle that marks the thing or person by means of B. It doesn't change; very simple. Very simple indeed. Let's look at a few examples.

	1. Kore wa pen desu. (This is a pen.)
	2. Watashi wa dokushin desu. (I am single.)
	3. Kanojo wa Kanadajin desu. (She is Canadian.)
	4. Kono pasokon wa baka desu. (This computer is stupid.)
	5. Buutsu wa neko desu. (Boots is a cat.)

As you can see, the pattern is exactly the same throughout all of the examples. The only thing that changes is the vocabulary. Once you have mastered several useful words in Japanese, you can say very rudimentary statements regarding the existence of things.

Another very easy thing about Japanese is how you describe nationalities. In English we have so many different ways of doing it (American, Canadian, New Zealander, etc.) but in Japanese all you have to do is add jin to the end of a country and you have a native of that location.

How To Make A Question: A wa B desu ka?

This is even simpler than the first pattern and it is extremely easy and a great relief for learners of Japanese to know that once you know the basic sentence structure, all you have to do is put a ka? at the end of the sentence to make it a question. So to look at the same examples as above we see:

	1. Kore wa pen desu ka? (Is this a pen?)
	2. Anata wa dokushin desu ka? (Are you single?)
	3. Kanojo wa Kanadajin desu ka? (Is she Canadian?)
	4. Sono pasokon wa baka desu ka? (Is that computer stupid?)
	5. Kurinton-san wa neko desu ka? (Is Mr. Clinton a cat?)

Very, very simple, don't you think?

How To Make A Negative Statement: A wa B de wa arimasen.

Now that you know how to say A is B it would probably be helpful to know how to say that A is not B. Again, it is actually very simple. All you have to do is take the A wa B desu, and replace desu with de wa arimasen (or de wa nai in the more informal situations and ja arimasen or ja nai in a contracted format) to get the negative. How is that for straight forward? Couldn't be easier, now could it? Are you remembering all this? Good. I knew you could.

Usually it is also good to know how to say Yes, and No. I am sure every single person on the face of this earth already knows, through TV and the movies that Hai means Yes. But did you know that Iie means No? I bet you didn't. Well now you do. If someone asks you a question, you can answer by putting Hai or Iie at the front of the sentence.

So here are similar examples in the negative:

	1. Kore wa juu de wa arimasen. (This is not a gun.)
	2. Iie, watashi wa dokushin ja nai. (No, I'm not single.)
	3. Kanojo wa Kanadajin ja arimasen. (She isn't Canadian.)
	4. Boku wa baka ja nai yo. (I'm not an idiot!)
	5. Iie, Kurinton-san wa neko de wa arimasen. Itachi desu. (No, Mr. Clinton is not a cat. He is a weasel.)

How To Make An Imperative Statement: A wa B desu yo.

Japanese does not use exclamation points, but there is a structure that shows stress and imperative in a sentence. Simply adding yo at the end of a statement makes it similar to an exclamatory sentence. The intonation is usually falling to emphasize the point being made. Look at number 4 in the examples above to see what I mean. Now on your own, take the above five sentences and practice saying them in the imperative.

How To Make A Statement Softer or Agreeable: A wa B desu ne.

In Japanese we try to be as unimposing as possible. It is important to try to agree with the speaker in order to maintain smooth relations and so as not to be offensive. To soften your speech so it doesn't seem quite so forceful, or to agree with what the speaker has said (not necessarily what they mean) just add ne to the end of the sentences. It is a little like adding, isn't it to the end of a sentence in English. Women use this quite frequently at the end of their sentences because it is demure, sweet, and non-imposing, therefore "feminine". The intonation is slightly rising. Look at the example below:

	1. Goshujin wa dorobo de wa arimasen ne. (Your husband isn't a thief, is he.)
	2. So desu ne. (Yes, that's true, isn't it.)

How To Make Something Equal to Something Else: A mo B desu.

If A is B and A is also C you use the word mo. This means too, or also. Look at the examples below:

	1. Suzuki-san wa sensei desu. Watashi mo sensei desu. (Mrs. Suzuki is a teacher. I am a teacher, too.)
	2. Kyo wa ame desu ne. Ashita mo so. (It is rainy today, isn't it? Tomorrow, too.)
	3. Kore wa ame desu. Sore mo. (This is candy. That is too.)

Look at how you might answer Yes to the following question:

Suzuki-san mo sensei desu ka. (Is Mrs. Suzuki a teacher, too?) - Hai, (Suzuki-san mo) sensei desu. - Hai, (Suzuki-san mo) so desu.

You can omit the subject and mo if you wish. But if you answer No to the same question you omit mo all together and replace it with wa.

Suzuki-san mo sensei desu ka. (Is Mrs. Suzuki a teacher, too?) - Iie, Suzuki-san wa sensei de wa arimasen. - Iie, so de wa arimasen.

How To Point Something (or Someone) Out: Kore wa pen desu.

The words kore, sore, are are used to point out objects (sometimes people) in different locations in reference to the speakers. Kore is used for items closer to the speaker than the listener: this. Sore is used for items closer to the listener than the speaker: that. Are is used for items at a distance from both the speaker and the listener: that over there.

If you want to talk about the walking stick in your hand you would say:

Kore wa sutekki desu. (This is a walking stick.)

And when you want to refer to the pistol that someone is holding to your face, you would say:

Sore wa honto no juu desu ka? (Is that a real gun?)

And when you want to inform your assailant that the policeman over there is pointing a shotgun at both of you, you would say:

Are wa sandanjuu desu yo! (That is a shotgun!)

How To Make Something Possessive: A wa B no C desu.

By adding the word no between two words it becomes possessive, relational. In the sentence,

Kore wa Kyan no tsukue desu. (This is Cam's desk.)

you can see what has happened. No allows nouns (people) to act as a possessive adjective and is similar to the 's in English. If no is found after a noun that is a place, it denotes the place of origin of the second noun.

Sore wa Furansu no Jamu desu. (That is French Jam)

If the first noun is any other kind of noun, it will be used to describe the makeup of the second noun.

Nihongo no sensei. (A Japanese teacher)

Are wa Eigo no shimbun, ka na? (I wonder if that is an English newspaper?)

Listen to the above examples here.

If you add no after watashi, you get my. Anata + no will give you your while kare + no = his and kanojo + no = her. Watatashitachi no means our.

	1. Kore wa watashi no pen desu. (This is my pen.)
	2. Anata no okane desu ka? (Is this your money?)
	3. Are wa kanojo no kodomo desu. (That is her child.)

You can use no in conjunction with dare (who), doko (where) nan (what) to make dare no (whose), doko no (from where) ,and nan no (of what) to make even more complex sentences.

	1. Kore wa dare no kuruma desu ka? (Whose car is this?) - Watashi no. (Mine).
	2. Anata wa doko no hito desu ka? (Where are you from?) - Boku wa Doitsujin desu. (I am German.)
	3. Yamada-san wa nan no sensei desu ka? (What kind of teacher is she?) - Rika no sensei desu. (She is a Social Studies teacher.)

Here is a brief list of words that you can try putting together in various different combinations and come up with several different sentences. Feel free to use the vocabulary in the above examples as well:

watashi /boku I anata/kimi you kare he kanojo she watashitachi we sensei teacher okusan wife shujin husband tomodachi friend oniisan elder brother oneesan elder sister otooto young brother imooto younger sister itoko cousin inu dog neko cat itachi weasel atsui hot samui cold ii good

Kanadajin Canadian Igirisujin British mono thing pen pen enpitsu pencil kami paper okane money kasa umbrella shinbun newspaper jitensha bicycle okanemochi rich tabemono food nomimono drink biiru beer sake sake suteeki steak sushi sushi kyou today ashita tomorrow kino yesterday

Now try to make the following sentences. Practice saying them so that you get a feel for how Japanese is supposed to sound off the tongue. If you are not sure how to pronounce the sounds, return to Lesson One for revision. When you are done you can listen to the examples by clicking on the icons. I recommend practicing before you listen otherwise it is kind of like looking at your neighbor's test paper for the answers: it doesn't get you anywhere.

	1. This is a dog.
	2. This is a cat steak.
	3. Mrs. Clinton is not a weasel.
	4. You are an idiot!
	5. He is not a German teacher.
	6. Is your cousin from Italy? (Is your sister Italian?) - No, she isn't. She's from Australia.
	7. Whose sushi is this? - Not mine!
	8. Are you single? -Yes, I am.
	9. This is my beer.
	10. It is hot today, isn't it? - Yes, it is. Tomorrow will be hot, too!
	11. This sake is delicious. - Yes, and the steak is too, isn't it.

If you have finished with these, why don't you try making a few sentences up on your own for practice? It can't hurt.

This lesson is a little longer than I originally planned so in order to keep the load time down I will be skipping the culture section.

You may notice that some of my accents are different from others in the same pattern. This is simply because my Japanese is a mix of Tokyo dialect and Fukui (country) dialect. Each area has different speech patterns, words, intonation. I am trying the best I can to make the intonation as standard as possible, but my wife says I sound nothing but country bumpkin!! My retort is, "When in Fukui ..." Have fun with this lesson. I look forward to hearing your comments.

NOTE: A fellow long-term resident in Japan recently contacted me and told me that I should not use any reference to the word "anata" (you). It is not used in Japan like the English use of the word. Rather it is used by women to call their husbands or lovers, or used in a derogatory sense. In a way, this is true. People tend to use the names instead of the pronouns when talking to a person. However I do know some people that use it in regular ways, and there is no bad feeling meant at all. Also, I feel that even though it may not be a commonly-used word in the Japanese vocabulary, it is, nonetheless important to learn the basics. ANATA does exist. Some people DO use it. Some in good ways, some in not so good ways. The choice is entirely up to you, the student to decide how you wish to use the word. However, the person who contacted me did have a very valid, understandable and logical reason for his comment on this topic and I thank him for it.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact sensei by writing to info @ japanippon (dot) com for details.

August 8th, 1998

Click the links below to get the program that allows you to listen to the examples.

NOTE: It seems that Qualcomm has had some copyright infringement lawsuits that it is currently dealing with and their website has been shut down. This means that this software is no longer available. Please feel free to continue with the lessons, but just skip the audio tracks. I'm very sorry about this. (Sensei, 2008/03/01)

Get Qualcomm Pure Voice Now.